F1-管理學(xué)術(shù)語英漢對照解釋（15）

Understanding Groups and Teams

1、Group：群體

Two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve particular goals.

兩個或兩個以上相互作用，相互依賴的個體，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)特定的目標(biāo)而組合在一起的集合體。

2、Forming：形成階段

The first stage of group development in which people join the group and then define the group‘s purpose， structure and leadership.

群體發(fā)展的第一階段，這時人們加入群體，并制定出它的目的，結(jié)構(gòu)和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層。

3、Storming：震蕩階段

The second stage of group development which is characterized by intragroup conflict.

群體發(fā)展第二階段，突顯內(nèi)部沖突。

4、Norming：規(guī)范階段

The third stage of group development which is characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.

群體發(fā)展第三階段，表現(xiàn)出密切的群內(nèi)關(guān)系，形成了內(nèi)聚力，群體結(jié)構(gòu)比較穩(wěn)固。

5、Performing：執(zhí)行階段

The four stage of group development when the group is fully functional.

群體發(fā)展第四階段，真正到了群體的正常功能發(fā)揮階段。

6、Adjourning：解體階段

The four stage of group development for temporary groups during which group members are Concerned with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.

倒計時階段，群體為解散作好準(zhǔn)備，高工作業(yè)績不再是關(guān)注的頭等大事，取而代之的是如何作好善后工作。

7、Role：角色

A set of behavior patterns expected of someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

指在一個社會單元中，人們對占據(jù)特定位置的個體所期望的一套行為模式。

8、Norm：規(guī)范

Acceptable standards or expectation s shared by a group‘s members.

群體成員共同認(rèn)可的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或期望。

9、Status：地位

A prestige grading， position ， or rank within a group.

群體內(nèi)部的威望等級位置或頭銜。

10、Free rider tendency ：搭便車效應(yīng)

A group phenomenon in which individual members reduce their individual efforts and contributions as the group increases in size.

隨著群體的規(guī)模擴(kuò)大，每個個體的努力和貢獻(xiàn)下降。

11、Group cohesiveness ：群體內(nèi)聚力

The degree to which group members are attracted to one another and share the group‘s goals.

群體成員相互吸引和共同參與群體目標(biāo)的程度。

12、Conflict ：沖突Perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition.

由于某種不一致或?qū)α顩r而使人們感知到彼此不相融合的差異。

13、Traditional view of conflict： 沖突的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)

The view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided.

沖突都是不好的，必須避免沖突。

14、Interactionist view of conflicts：沖突的交互作用觀點(diǎn)

The view that some conflict is necessary for a group to perform effectively.

某些沖突是群體有效運(yùn)作所必要的。

15、Functional conflicts ：積極沖突

Conflicts that support a group‘s goals and improve its performance.

支持工作群體的目標(biāo)，提高群體工作水平的沖突。

16、Dysfunctional conflicts：消極沖突

Conflicts that prevent a group from achieving its goals.

妨礙工作群體實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的沖突。

17、Task conflict ：任務(wù)沖突

Conflicts over content and goads of the work.

關(guān)于工作內(nèi)容和工作目標(biāo)的沖突。

18、Relationship conflict ：關(guān)系沖突

Conflicts based on interpersonal relationships.

以人際關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)的沖突。

19、Process conflict：過程沖突

Conflict over how work gets done.

關(guān)于如何完成工作的沖突。

20、Groupthink：群體思維

A type of conformity in which group members withhold deviant， minority ，or unpopular views in order to appear in agreement.

群體成員為了達(dá)到表面上的統(tǒng)一一致而隱藏分歧意見或不受歡迎的觀點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)象。

21、Work team：工作團(tuán)隊

Formal groups made up of interdependent individuals who are responsible for the attainment of a goal.

由一些為了實(shí)現(xiàn)一個目標(biāo)而相互依賴的個體組合而成的正式群體。

22、Functional team ：職能型團(tuán)隊

A type of work team composed of a manager and his or her subordinates from a particular functional area.

由一名管理者及來自特定職能領(lǐng)域的若干下屬組成。

23、Self-managed team ：自我管理團(tuán)隊

A type of work team that operates without a manager and is responsible for a complete work process or segment.

沒有一個管理者負(fù)責(zé)整個或局部的工作流程。

24、Virtual team ：虛擬工作團(tuán)隊

A type of work team that uses computer technology to link physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal.

指那些利用計算機(jī)技術(shù)把實(shí)際上分散的的成員聯(lián)系起來以實(shí)現(xiàn)共同目標(biāo)的團(tuán)隊。

25、Cross-functional team：跨職能團(tuán)隊

A type of work team that‘s a hybrid grouping of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together on various tasks.

由來自不同領(lǐng)域的專家組成的一個混合體，目的是并肩作戰(zhàn)完成各種各樣的任務(wù)。

26、Gain-sharing ：收益分成

A group incentive program that shares the gains of the efforts of group members with those group members.

讓工作群體共同分享通過努力而得到的收益來激勵群體。

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